The Inflation Reduction Act, arguably one of the most sweeping clean energy bills in U.S. history, is poised to considerably benefit the ethanol industry and bioenergy writ large. The bill&rsquo;s passage in August was hailed as a watershed moment for clean energy, climate and, specifically, CO2 capture and sequestration&mdash;the keystone of ultra-low-carbon ethanol production. But for all that the IRA delivers&mdash;which is, to say, a lot&mdash;it does not address several of the U.S. ethanol industry&rsquo;s most pressing needs and obstacles to future growth. More is needed. Shepherding federal legislation is difficult and tricky&mdash;compromising on new policy can have unwanted effects on existing law. That&rsquo;s why trade groups representing biofuels in Washington D.C. have, for years, been very careful to not back proposals that might jeopardize the Renewable Fuel Standard, the nation&rsquo;s longtime biofuels program. But as the RFS enters a new phase of its existence, with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency exercising a &ldquo;reset&rdquo; of the legislation this fall, and the electric vehicle movement gaining critical mass, the ethanol industry&rsquo;s policy guardians are entertaining federal legislation that would, if not replace the RFS, backstop it with a national low-carbon fuel standard, a high-octane fuel requirement, or both. The favored vehicle for an octane-based biofuel program is the Next Generation Fuels Act, a bill that raises the octane content for fuel, increasing engine efficiency and reducing emissions by requiring higher blends of ethanol. The bill was introduced by U.S. Rep. Cheri Bustos of Illinois in both the 2021 and 2022 Congresses. Bustos tells Ethanol Producer Magazine her reason for supporting and presenting the bill is rooted in her family&rsquo;s heritage of farming, and her service to the rural, corn-producing part of Illinois she serves. She says that even though the IRA should boost higher ethanol blends&mdash;it provides $500 million for biofuels infrastructure&mdash;it does not accomplish what the Next Generation Fuels Act would. Bustos says interest in the proposed bill has been&nbsp; strong; it gained bipartisan support at its introduction with 17 Republican representatives and 12 Democrat representatives cosponsoring it. The bill was also introduced to the Senate this year by Republican Sen. Chuck Grassley of Iowa, longtime supporter of the biofuels industry. &ldquo;I really see this as a win-win-win. And what I mean by that is, obviously we are facing the challenges of higher gas prices. This can help bring down a gallon of gas by 50 cents a gallon by blending ethanol,&rdquo; Bustos says. &ldquo;Number two, we have a climate disaster on the horizon, and this helps bring down the carbon that is emitted into the air. And [third], it supports rural America, specifically our family farmers. So, I think when you look at those three wins, we just think this has great potential.&rdquo; On a different but related path, a national low-carbon fuel standard push is being organized as the Drive Clean Initiative. Already, the initiative is a surprisingly diverse group of transportation industry stakeholders&mdash;from ethanol producers to EV companies&mdash;interested in achieving net-zero emissions from transportation by 2050. Geoff Cooper, president and CEO of the Renewable Fuels Association, says the RFA has been involved with the initiative since its inception and is a founding member. The Drive Clean Initiative, he says, is made up of ethanol producers, environmental groups, electric vehicle stakeholders and more, all united around the common belief that the best way to reach net zero emissions by 2050 is through the implementation of a national low-carbon fuel standard. Whether the Drive Clean Initiative complements, competes against or overlaps with the Next Generation Fuels Act is best explained by what each proposal is primarily championing. Both are aimed at supporting the proliferation of higher-level ethanol blends, albeit through different but related &ldquo;stick-and-carrot&rdquo; mechanisms&mdash;one focused more on the internal combustion engine vehicles on the road today, the other casting a wider net big enough for ethanol, EVs and all other low-carbon transportation sources.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Leveraging Octane Doug Durante, executive director of the Clean Fuels Development Coalition, outlines what the Next Generation Fuel Act is and how it can help the ethanol industry. &ldquo;The key to all of this is not just low carbon, but octane,&rdquo; he says. &ldquo;Ethanol&rsquo;s highest value proposition is octane. There&rsquo;s nothing like it; there&rsquo;s nothing that adds octane the way it does, and then, now, with the [sequestration] of carbon, there&rsquo;s definitely nothing that does it in a low-carbon way.&rdquo; The act would raise the octane requirement on fuel and requires that the octane added reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 40 percent to guarantee that the octane will not be increased through the use of toxic aromatics, Durante explains. The minimum amount of octane needed in a fuel to propel a vehicle is 87 AKI (anti knock index, made up of the average of a fuel&rsquo;s research octane number, or RON, and motor octane number), Durante explains. Refiners generally make an 84 AKI fuel and then add ten percent ethanol to add three points of octane to make the 87 AKI fuel that drivers find at the pump. The bill would increase the octane requirement to 90/91 AKI, gradually increasing it over the years, thereby increasing the percentage of ethanol in the fuel. Durante explains that the automotive industry has been calling for higher octane ratings for years, since this would allow them to make more fuel efficient, high-performance engines. Companies within the automotive industry such as General Motors and United Autoworkers, and companies within the machinery industry like John Deere and Case International are supporters of the NGFA. Durante explains that the bill would address issues such as the soon-to-be diminishing number of FFVs on the road. It would also require automakers to warranty their vehicles for high-octane fuel and RVP waivers, while giving ethanol producers an opportunity for volume growth in the domestic transportation market. The bill provides a &ldquo;systematic knock down of the obstacles,&rdquo; Durante explains, by ensuring that the high-octane fuel would be low carbon through the increased use of ethanol as an octane additive. The bill also puts limits on aromatics, otherwise known as mobile source air toxics, chemicals used in gasoline to raise octane, Durante explains. Limiting these aromatics would allow ethanol to step in and fill the gap as a clean, low carbon option for increasing octane. &ldquo;The whole point is to make clean octane, and this goes all the way back to the Clean Air Act of 1990, when they passed a lot of these initial clean fuel provisions, they were calling for clean octane from ethanol all the way back then,&rdquo; he says. &ldquo;So, this is very important. It would control these aromatics and make sure that not only the octane additives and such have to meet a low-carbon standard. And, just by virtue of being ethanol, they&rsquo;re nontoxic.&rdquo; The other obstacle it knocks down is the need for vehicles designed to burn higher octane fuels. The bill would address this by reestablishing flex-fuel vehicle credits for automakers. &ldquo;I used to do a lot of work in the FFV area, and right now the automakers just aren&rsquo;t making [them],&rdquo; Durante says. &ldquo;There&rsquo;s not a market for it; there&rsquo;s no incentive for them to make it, so we reestablish those credits, and I&rsquo;m a big fan of those credits because they don&rsquo;t cost anything. They don&rsquo;t cost the consumer anything ... Just give those guys a little credit for using a fuel that doesn&rsquo;t emit as much carbon or use as much gasoline.&rdquo; This legislation has the potential to increase demand for ethanol by another 4 to 5 billion gallons, as well as increasing corn use by another billion and a half bushels, Durante says. He calls this increase a co-benefit as it reduces greenhouse gases (which is a potential low-carbon fuels standard tie-in).&nbsp; &nbsp; Durante believes ethanol&rsquo;s most unique and valuable attribute is its ability to add octane to fuel. &ldquo;The octane would be able to start at this 95 [RON] and then increase over the years even more to a 98 RON, which would be a 93 or a 94 premium, it would almost be like a super-premium,&rdquo; he says. &ldquo;You&rsquo;re talking about being able to [sell] 20 percent ethanol blends at the 95 level and 25 or 30 at this 98 RON level. So, that would be a significant increase over where we are now, we&rsquo;re only using 10 or 15 percent now, so that&rsquo;s important.&rdquo; Pursuing a Clean Fuel Standard The ultimate goal of the Drive Clean Initiative is to create a national clean fuel standard&mdash;based on carbon intensity&mdash;that is technology neutral. &ldquo;The guiding principle here is that we need to remain focused on the overall objective of reducing carbon emissions rather than trying to prescribe what technologies or what fuels need to be used to reduce emissions,&rdquo; Cooper says. With California recently implementing an electric vehicle mandate that bans internal combustion engines beginning in 2035, the Drive Clean Initiative wants to demonstrate that there is more than one way to reach net zero emissions. The goal, Cooper explains, is to set carbon reduction targets and create &ldquo;a market mechanism to drive investment and creativity in the marketplace&rdquo; to reach those goals without dictating one technology as the solution. This technology-neutral framework would allow for ethanol, electricity, hydrogen and other technologies to all play a role in meeting the net zero goal. &ldquo;We think that&rsquo;s a much better approach than being prescriptive and mandating certain technologies,&rdquo; Cooper says. &ldquo;And it&rsquo;s certainly better than choosing technology winners and losers and forcing certain technologies on consumers who may not want those technologies.&rdquo; Allowing the consumer to find the best solution for them could help decarbonization happen more quickly. The Drive Clean initiative has been educating lawmakers on the benefits of such a policy as well as highlighting &ldquo;lessons learned&rdquo; from clean fuel standards at the state level, Cooper says. &ldquo;The point is to build momentum for the conversation and get more people talking about this policy solution and get more people up to speed on why, we believe, this is the most efficient and most economically attractive path forward for decarbonization,&rdquo; he says. Currently, he expects a bill to be introduced in Congress sometime in the next 12 months. The technology-neutral nature of this policy solution is evident in the industries represented; ethanol producers such as POET and Calgren Renewable Fuels, electrical charging companies like Charge Point, automakers such as Alliance for Automotive Innovation, environmental group involvement from the New York League of Conservation Voters, SAF producers such as Alder Fuels, biodiesel and renewable diesel producers, and more. &ldquo;For the last several years we have spent a lot of time just building trust with groups who share this common interest of reducing carbon emissions from transportation, and doing it in a way that is market-based and incentive-based, rather than using mandates and draconian measures to force certain technologies,&rdquo; Cooper says. In order to ensure the program is fair, the Drive Clean Initiative supports utilizing the GREET model developed by the Department of Energy&rsquo;s Argonne National Laboratory. Cooper explains that this measurement fills the necessary role of being science-based, data driven and not politicized. Pursuing Solutions These two policy approaches both have their benefits, and elements of each may ultimately influence final policy. &ldquo;We strongly believe that we need to be pursuing any opportunity to advance the dialogue and advance the discussion around ethanol&rsquo;s role in reducing carbon emissions, and both of these concepts do that,&rdquo; Cooper says. &ldquo;We&rsquo;ll get to a point where it's clear that one approach has more appeal than the other, and at that juncture we&rsquo;ll make a decision on how we want to proceed, but we&rsquo;re a long way from being there, and that&rsquo;s why we think it&rsquo;s foolish to promote one policy at the expense of the other when we should be promoting both.&rdquo; Author: Katie Schroeder Contact: katie.schroeder@bbiinternational.com

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The Drive Clean Initiative and Next Generation Fuels Act are simultaneously finding support in the ethanol industry. Both aim to usher in higher blends of ethanol, but via different mechanisms. One effort rides on low-carbon, the other high octane.  

Advancing Policy In Parallel

Deploying efficient and cost-effective water management solutions at ethanol plants is a topic that might not seem as important as carbon intensity score talk, and understandably so.&nbsp; But at this past summer&rsquo;s International Fuel Ethanol Workshop and Expo, the world&rsquo;s largest gathering of ethanol producers, a panel on water was popular. Three panelists provided invaluable insight, helping plant engineers and others understand water-related issues&mdash;big and small&mdash;that ethanol plants and their service providers deal with. Water Use: The Next CI Score For the big-picture view, Quinn Hanson-Pollock, industry technical consultant from Nalco Water, provided a deep-dive into optimizing the utility water balance at an ethanol plant. Thinking about the world&rsquo;s water challenges as a whole helps to explain water usage issues at the plant level. By 2030, if nothing changes, global water demand will outpace supply by 56 percent, he noted in his presentation. More than 40 percent of the global population is affected by water stress. Nearly three-fourths of all companies have water use reduction goals, but 85 percent lack the tools to achieve them. That is where Hanson-Pollock and his team can help. His team works under the following understanding. Cooling tower water needs make up well over half (60 percent) of an ethanol plant&rsquo;s utility water use. Next is reverse osmosis feed water for steam (19 percent), followed by scrubber water (17 percent) and then backwash/miscellaneous (4 percent). Water consumption is also affected by the limitations of the production process itself. A cooling tower must reject heat via evaporation. From Nalco Water&rsquo;s Cooling Tower Engineering Evaluations, a typical ethanol plant cooling tower rejects 13,500 Btu/gal of ethanol produced. A 100 MMgy plant has a cooling water evaporation rate of 314 gallons per minute (gpm), which results in 1.62 gallons of water use per gallon of ethanol. Scrubber water accounts for roughly 0.62 gallons of water per gallon of ethanol. Direct injection steam and deaerator venting accounts for 0.42 gallons of water per gallon of ethanol. Backwash and miscellaneous accounts for 0.13 gallons of water per gallon of ethanol. To optimize all of those numbers, Hanson-Pollock says an ethanol plant&rsquo;s water treatment provider should help formulate the facility&rsquo;s strategy to maximize reverse osmosis recovery (increasing recovery from 65 percent to 80 percent reduces the water intensity of a plant by 0.13); maximize cooling tower cycles (increasing cycle times from 4 to 5 reduces water intensity by 0.14); optimize softener run-lengths or formulate a plan to recover clean water from the regen cycle; and evaluate creative solutions. Managing the percentages related to water usage starts with recognizing the current state of the industry. While most plants are focused on carbon intensity (CI) scores, the time will come when they need to look at water intensity grading or something akin to it, Hanson-Pollock says. Right now, ethanol plants are modern facilities that have their water makeup streams metered. The next step is to totalize and trend that data to identify areas to optimize. In the future state of ethanol, he says, water will have continuous monitoring of water distribution, utilization and cooling tower performance. In fact, Naclo has already started performing cooling tower analysis work. The main issues they&rsquo;ve found, so far, are related to fermentation temperature, especially during hot and humid conditions. There are also typical issues with recirculation flow rate, water distribution among heat exchangers, water distribution at the tower, nozzle performance, air flow through tower, biofouling and scale or iron deposition. &ldquo;Improving visibility on cooling water flow will allow for plants to maximize performance and production,&rdquo; Hanson-Pollock says. Every Element In the Water Stream Matters Terry Roberts, Midwest regional manager for SEPCO, an industrial fluids sealing solution provider that serves multiple sectors, says a seal is like a book. His presentation dialed down to a water related issue on a much smaller physical footprint area than that of Hanson-Pollock&rsquo;s. &ldquo;A seal will tell you its story if you let it,&rdquo; he said, explaining the information available after a failed seal is analyzed, especially in the case of ethanol evaporation operations. The mechanical seal itself is very simple. However, Roberts explains, there are hundreds of variables that can contribute to a failure. Examination of a failed seal can offer insight into failure prevention in the future, he says. During his presentation, &ldquo;Water Conservation In Ethanol Evaporation Operations: A Systems Approach to Sealing Improves Asset Uptime in Difficult-to-Seal Processes,&rdquo; Roberts offered a real case study to highlight SEPCO&rsquo;s expertise. And, how effective its failure analysis team is at reading a seal like a book. Roberts&rsquo; case study story starts with the evaporation stage at an ethanol plant. Specifically, after distillation where the remaining stillage goes through the process of removing the liquid, leaving the solids (i.e., the DDGS). &ldquo;One plant engineer had struggles with pump and seal failures,&rdquo; he says. &ldquo;The slurry flowing through the evaporator pumps was problematic for many reasons. In addition to the fluid complications, the engineer had problems with premature seal failure, detecting inboard seal leaks, setting up the environmental controls correctly and proper training of the maintenance team.&rdquo; The premature seal failures could have been from improper installation, pump misalignment or mismanagement of the seal chamber environment, according to Roberts. But the only way to know was to perform the failure analysis. Most analyses show that despite what many might believe, mechanical seals are not always the cause of larger failures. Instead, most failures are caused by systemic problems or poor seal selection. And, by design, the seal is the weak link in the system. Seal analysis can reveal the following: if the right seal was selected for the application; if operating conditions are optimized; if the team set up the flush system properly; and if the barrier fluid is performing effectively. For the ethanol plant issue in this particular case study, Roberts&rsquo; failure analysis team found three issues. First, the wrong mechanical seal design was used. Second, the environmental controls installed were not effective. And third, a more robust barrier fluid was needed. For the new, appropriate seal, Roberts&rsquo; team selected a dual cartridge mounted seal. The new seal helped to provide a more robust and balanced design that allowed for higher barrier fluid and process pressures. The new seal also provided an integral pumping ring in the seal that helped to move the barrier fluid from the seal gland to the convection tank for cooling. The tangential flush connections also provided more effective cooling in the seal gland. The team also upgraded the barrier fluid. A synthetic oil specifically formulated for these applications was used. The main benefits of the new barrier fluid include its resistance to thermal and oxidative degradation, along with its ability to provide excellent heat transfer resulting in longer seal life. Finally, the team installed a convection tank, commonly referred to as a seal pot. The convection tank provided a closed loop system that let the barrier fluid move heat from the seal gland to the tank for cooling and then back to the mechanical seal to provide the necessary lubrication to the seal forces. The failure analysis and resulting work showed that reviewing the seal itself really did yield a good ending with the plant, upping its mean time between repairs (MTBR) to 37 months after previously needing to do maintenance work every four months. &ldquo;Don&rsquo;t underestimate how much each mechanic (on the SEPCO team) understands about seals,&rdquo; said the ethanol plant engineer cited in the case study. Know the Details to Deal with Issues Brad Thompson, a water expert from Veolia (he presented under Suez which recently merged with Veolia), spoke extensively about the importance of selecting the right reverse osmosis (RO) membrane, a common and extremely important element of every plant&rsquo;s water treatment and usage plan. RO membranes are typically used for purification across the process and, as Thompson shows, most membranes only last three to five years. But, Thompson says, &ldquo;membrane life can be extended by changing your approach.&rdquo; It&rsquo;s important to understand why membranes fail first. The common causes include microbiological growth, degradation, scale formation, pretreatment fouling and structural fouling related to the previous reasons. The most predominant cause of failure is microbiological fouling (roughly 75 percent of all failures). Nearly half of all autopsies performed to look at RO membrane issues show the existing damage to be significant (42 percent). To fix microbiological fouling issues, Thompson says removal includes aggressive clean-in-place practices. The process requires increased cleaner at higher pH, increased time, increased temperature and increased frequency. The ideal pH to remove microbiological fouling is 12.0. There are two options to extend membrane life: non-chemical solutions or chemicals. For the non-chemical approach, the proper membrane needs to be selected from the start and then flushes need to be performed. Engineers need to know the membrane spec sheet. For example, a membrane at 99.0 percent rejection rate will let 1 percent salt passage, while a membrane at 98.5 percent rejection rate will let 1.5 percent salt passage. Thompson says the difference can be important. Fouling-resistant membranes should also be used. The No. 1 membrane he recommends is the fouling resistance option in 34-mil. Chemical solutions involve stage-by-stage CIP, knowing when to clean, and the use of enzymatic cleaners. For staged CIP steps, it starts with a 160 gallon per minute CIP followed by a 80 gpm CIP. To prevent degradation, an engineer needs to improve dechlorination by getting the strokes per minute of the system right. Overfeeding the system will create microbiological growth. Underfeeding the vessels will cause membrane degradation. For membranes fouled with biofilm, there are new enzymatic cleaners that are comparable to conventional cleaners but won&rsquo;t clean non-biofilm elements, Thompson says. Overall, extending the life of a membrane includes on-time CIP, knowing the membrane specs, and stage-by-stage cleaning. Thompson&rsquo;s presentation, like the others, highlighted the importance of understanding the modern-day solutions for everyday water issues at the plant level. Author: Luke Geiver Contact: editor@bbiinternational.com

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Cooling towers require the greatest need for water volume at most modern ethanol plants. New research is looking at ways to reduce that area of consumption. 

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At the facility level, water experts and engineers deal with issues big and small—from advanced cooling water analyses to sealing solutions and RO membranes—to reduce the use of H2O at ethanol plants.   

Strategies to Step Down Water Use

Biointermediates have potential to give ethanol producers a chance to access other renewable fuel markets, such as sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency published biointermediate provisions in July that came into effect August 30. &ldquo;Parties may now begin submitting registration requests and quality assurance plans for biointermediates,&rdquo; said Mary Manners, deputy director of the compliance division with the EPA, in a Biointermediates Workshop hosted online September 29.&nbsp; She and other EPA policy staff gave guidance to producers on how to navigate the provisions in place for biointermediate use, including compliance reporting, engineering reviews, transfer credits, biointermediate identification and more. At the workshop, Robert Anderson from the Office of Transportation and Air Quality, and team lead on the regulatory development part of the biointermediates proposal, provided background on the development of the biointermediate provisions. &ldquo;When we originally wrote the RFS2 regulations ... the focus of those regulatory provisions were on single facilities,&rdquo; he said. &ldquo;The idea being that all the feedstocks and all the processing to turn those feedstocks into a renewable fuel would occur in one place. And we built the program that way because that single point of regulation would allow us to more easily oversee the program and ensure that valid RINs were generated. Almost as soon as we ... finalized RFS2, we started getting inquiries from regulated parties that highlighted the opportunities for advanced cellulosic fuels that would require processing at more than one facility. And these so-called &lsquo;proto-renewable&rsquo; fuels, or intermediate products, are what we call biointermediates.&rdquo; Chris Bliley, senior vice president of policy with Growth Energy, explains that the EPA&rsquo;s earlier regulations viewed an ethanol production facility as a &ldquo;one-stop-shop&rdquo; for transforming biomass into biofuel. However, with the evolution of the biofuel industry there was a need for a regulatory pathway for producers to use their product to make something new. For example, processing corn or corn stover to make ethanol, but then using that ethanol to make SAF. &ldquo;Essentially, the regulations had to catch up with the innovations in the industry and provide a regulatory pathway for somebody who may make something that would then be used again to produce a different biofuel,&rdquo; Bliley says. Defining Biointermediates &nbsp;One of the key things the EPA provisions accomplish is defining what a biointermediate is. During the EPA&rsquo;s Biointermediate Workshop, Anderson described the regulatory criteria that define a biointermediate as found in 40 CFR 80.1401 of the RFS. First, a biointermediate is a feedstock used to make a renewable fuel made from biomass. Secondly, he explained that biointermediates cannot generate RINs; the biointermediate must be produced at a different facility than the one that produces the finished renewable fuel. &ldquo;If all the production happens at a single [renewable] fuel facility it&rsquo;s not a biointermediate,&rdquo; Anderson said. The biointermediate also must use an approved pathway, used in the production of the renewable fuel listed in the pathway and follow the approved process. It also must be listed in the provisions the EPA released. The various biointermediates that currently have eligible pathways under the EPA&rsquo;s provisions include: biocrude, biodiesel distillate bottoms, biomass-based sugars, digestate, free fatty acid feedstock, glycerin, soapstock, and&mdash;importantly for the ethanol industry&mdash;undenatured ethanol. &ldquo;[Finished] renewable fuels are not biointermediates, and neither is renewable biomass that has not been substantially altered,&rdquo; Anderson explained. Finally, it cannot be a feedstock material in an approved renewable fuel pathway already used to produce that fuel. Anderson clarified that the EPA intends to add more biointermediates to the list moving forward. If someone would like to have a potential biointermediate added, he advises them to reach out to the EPA&rsquo;s support line and submit a description of it, which will allow the EPA to examine it and determine if it fits into a qualifying&nbsp; category. Next, Anderson recommends that the submitter puts in a petition for rulemaking, allowing the EPA to add it to the regulations so that it can be used to generate RINs. &ldquo;The biointermediate petition should contain a legal and technical justification for why we should include the potential biointermediate in the program,&rdquo; he said. &nbsp; The petition should include information on the biointermediate process, which feedstocks are used to make the biointermediate and what renewable fuel it makes. &ldquo;We would also like a discussion of the pathways that it could fall under or whether it needs a new pathway,&rdquo; Anderson said. &ldquo;And then ... to help us prioritize work, the description of the timeline for its ultimate development and production.&rdquo; Production Process Biointermediates fit into a unique production process for making renewable fuels. The process starts with renewable biomass, which may be harvested at a variety of locations, Anderson explains. Typically, the biomass goes through a &ldquo;form change&rdquo; before reaching the biointermediates facility. When it reaches the facility, it is converted into a &ldquo;proto-renewable fuel or biointermediate.&rdquo; The biointermediate is then taken to a renewable fuel facility where it is further transformed into a finished renewable fuel and distributed for use. Under the provisions, biointermediate processing must take place at one facility and be shipped to a single renewable fuel facility, however the renewable facility can receive biointermediates from multiple sources. &ldquo;There are [aspects of] the logistics [and aggregation] that are a little bit more specialized,&rdquo; Bliley says. &ldquo;I think, importantly, this provides some certainty to the marketplace. This provides a regulatory path forward, and I think people will work through that.&rdquo; It was also key for the EPA to define what biointermediates are and how they fit into the RFS. &ldquo;There had to be some clarity about, for instance, how a product is handled, where and when the RINs are generated and what really qualifies as a biointermediate,&rdquo; Bliley says. In the workshop, Aaron Levy from the Office of Transportation and Air Quality, discussed how biointermediates fit into the EPA&rsquo;s &ldquo;generally applicable&rdquo; pathways. &ldquo;We call those generally applicable because any party can submit a registration application to produce fuel through any of the pathways listed in that table,&rdquo; Levy said. He explained that no changes were made to these pathways in the biointermediates provisions other than adding esterification, which allows for the use of free fatty acids as a feedstock for biodiesel production. The pathways do not change, but the provisions simply allow the production process to be split between two facilities. Levy gave the example of renewable gasoline production from crop residue. &ldquo;Now that biointermediates are allowed in the program, it allows for a supply chain where biocrude is produced from crop residue via pyrolysis at one facility and then upgraded to renewable gasoline at another facility,&rdquo; he said. &ldquo;Provided that those two pieces of the production process meet the production process requirements.&rdquo; Industry Impact The provisions admitting biointermediates under the RFS give needed clarity for ethanol producers who are pursuing SAF or other innovations in the ethanol industry, Bliley explains. &ldquo;I think [the provisions] are very important because they provide a regulatory path forward for our producers to [support] new innovations in renewable fuels,&rdquo; he says, alluding to new market opportunities for ethanol such as SAF production. &ldquo;This provides a great deal of certainty in how our producers can help meet those goals.&rdquo; &ldquo;These provisions are designed to provide traceability, accountability, a chain of evidence, all of that, so that we can properly implement the program,&rdquo; Manners said at the workshop. Bliley further explains that the provisions in the EPA&rsquo;s recent ruling create a regulatory system, allowing the agency to ensure that the renewable fuels produced utilizing biointermediates meet the requirements of the RFS. Other key provisions are focused on RIN generation, he says. &ldquo;You want to make sure that if I&rsquo;m producing ethanol, that it&rsquo;s undenatured and going as a feedstock for sustainable aviation fuel, for example, and so there&rsquo;s not already a RIN generated when I produce it,&rdquo; Bliley says. The provisions also outline the ways in which biointermediate producers and the renewable fuel producers each must demonstrate compliance with the RFS. These requirements include attest engagement, product transfer documents and other recordkeeping requirements, as well as a mandatory quality assurance plan conducted by a third-party auditor to verify that RINs were generated correctly by the final biofuel producer. &nbsp; Author: Katie Schroeder Contact: katie.schroeder@bbiinternational.com

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Shoring up its provisions on biointermediates, the EPA is catching up with new and envisioned biofuel production goals. Following a workshop on the topic, Ethanol Producer Magazine spoke with a policy expert to learn more. 

Shedding Light on Biointermediates

The sky is no longer the limit for ethanol. From the world&rsquo;s top airlines to the highest-GDP countries, the race to get more sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is in the air&mdash;and ethanol is on board. Before understanding the technologies, big-name partnerships and generational volume demand projections related to SAF, it&rsquo;s important to understand how we got here, by both government push and private sector pull.&nbsp; Although SAF was making headlines well before the landmark U.S. Inflation Reduction Act was signed into law this past August, the bill provided immediate amplification to the biobased jet fuel movement. The IRA includes several provisions that incentive the use or production of SAF, including a two-year tax credit for blenders, a three-year tax credit for producers, and a grant program worth $290 million over four years to carry out projects that produce, transport, blend/store, develop, demonstrate or apply low-emission aviation technologies. To be eligible, the SAF must achieve at least a 50 percent improvement in GHG emissions performance on a lifecycle basis as compared with conventional jet fuel, according to the bill. And the tax credit&mdash;which starts at $1.25 per gallon of SAF&mdash;increases with every percentage point of improvement in lifecycle emissions performance, up to $1.75 a gallon. In mid-2021, the European Union passed its own version of the IRA, including robust SAF incentives and firm targets. Through the EU&rsquo;s &ldquo;Fit for 55&rdquo; package, the share of sustainable fuels at EU airports will increase from a minimum of 2 percent in 2025 to at least 63 percent by 2050. Back in the U.S., just a few months after the passage of Fit for 55, the U.S. Department of Energy rolled out its SAF Grand Challenge to meet 100 percent of U.S. aviation fuel demand with sustainable, low-carbon fuel&mdash;also by 2050. The Grand Challenge is a U.S. government-wide approach to make and use more SAF. The immediate goal is to domestically produce 3 billion gallons of SAF by 2030. The DOE&rsquo;s long-term goal is to produce 35 billion gallons of SAF by 2050, or essentially all the jet fuel used domestically. Despite what seem to be lofty goals, the DOE believes the U.S. has everything it needs to begin ramping up SAF now to achieve its vision. The Billion-Ton Report provided by the U.S. Department of Agriculture shows that 1 billion dry tons per year of biomass can be grown or collected sustainably in the country. That amount of biomass can be converted into roughly 50 to 60 billion gallons of advanced biofuel (in this case, lots of SAF) without impacting agriculture, trade or current uses of biomass. Furthermore, the DOE believes that as ground transport electrifies, SAF presents a potential market for existing biofuels including ethanol. In September, when the U.S. DOE released an updated roadmap for the SAF Grand Challenge, DOE Secretary Jennifer Granholm said that not only is the initiative critical to decarbonizing the airline industry and reaching U.S. climate goals, but helping &ldquo;American companies corner the market on a valuable emerging industry.&rdquo; Off-Take Agreements Find Lift SAF news from the aviation front shows airlines of all sizes and types are well past just considering their involvement with SAF. The headlines are no longer about airlines studying the potential of biobased fuel. They&rsquo;re about offtake deals being signed now. The International Civil Aviation Organization, a leading aviation group recognized across the world, has started tracking and publishing the rise of SAF offtake agreements on its website. The numbers explain it all. In 2013, ICAO showed there was only one offtake agreement by a major airline with an SAF provider. In 2016, the agreement trends show a discernible spike, reaching six agreements. But then in 2021 and 2022, offtake agreement signings for SAF have been nothing but wheels up. Last year, there were 23 offtake agreements announced. This year, there have already been 30. United Airlines (6) and Delta (7) have led the way among major airlines signing offtakes in 2022. For producers of SAF, Gevo Inc. (10), Neste (12) and World Energy (10) are all in the double-digit range for offtake agreements, with Aemetis (9) also right there. In total, ICAO currently says there are 80 offtake agreements for SAF in place. What Airlines Think About SAF The International Air Transport Association is a trade association for the world&rsquo;s airlines. With 290 airlines represented, the IATA member list accounts for 83 percent of total air traffic. &ldquo;We support many areas of aviation activity and help formulate industry policy on critical aviation issues,&rdquo; Sebastian Mikosz, senior vice president for environment and sustainability, tells Ethanol Producer Magazine. About a year ago, IATA released its Net Zero commitment, a goal of its members to reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, through four different decarbonization pathways. &ldquo;We know that achieving net-zero carbon emissions from aviation by 2050 will be extremely difficult,&rdquo; Mikosz says. According to Mikosz and his team, however, there is a plan. The scale of the aviation industry in 2050 will require the mitigation of 1.8 gigatons of carbon. IATA knows that. The association believes that roughly 65 percent of that carbon will be abated through sustainable aviation fuels. Hydrogen-based new propulsion technology may account for another 13 percent; efficiency improvements will help at 3 percent; and the remaining 19 percent will be handled through carbon capture and storage (11 percent) and/or offsets (8 percent). &ldquo;The actual split, and the trajectory to get there, will depend on what solutions are the most cost-effective at any particular time,&rdquo; IATA&rsquo;s Net Zero plan states. &ldquo;Whatever the ultimate path to net zero will be, it is absolutely true that the only way to get there will be the value chain and governments playing their role.&rdquo; IATA knows it plays an important role in achieving 65 percent of its net-zero commitment through the use of SAF. Mikosz explains that the association understands that the market needs to get a clear signal from its members about SAF. &ldquo;We take it seriously, and we intend to deliver on it.&rdquo; &ldquo;We need policymakers and SAF producers to keep producing more SAF to make it available to airlines,&rdquo; he says. Every single drop of SAF produced last year was used by airlines around the world, and it will be no different this year, according to IATA. &ldquo;In our analyses,&rdquo; Mikosz says, &ldquo;we determined that scaling up production and availability of SAF is key to decarbonizing a notoriously hard-to-abate sector. Scenarios vary, but one thing is clear: SAF will represent the biggest share of the solution ... We expect to rely on SAF so strongly because at this time, it is the only reliable avenue to decarbonize the sector without disrupting the air connectivity that drives the global economy.&rdquo; IATA is also stressing that SAF isn&rsquo;t a new or novel product. &ldquo;SAF has been in use for several years, with more than 450,000 flights powered by a combination of SAF and conventional fuel already having occurred.&rdquo; The association also believes that by 2025, the number of SAF producing facilities will jump dramatically in the next eight years. Although IATA describes the number of operating facilities involved with SAF this year as a &ldquo;handful,&rdquo; there will be nearly 100 by 2025. By 2030, there will be several hundred. Volumes of SAF produced and used by 2030 could reach at least 7.4 billion gallons. Time to Produce Even with 30 offtake agreements signed this year, airlines and current or future SAF producers alike will not be able to keep pace with demand in the near term. That doesn&rsquo;t mean both aren&rsquo;t trying. SAFFiRE Renewables LLC, a company formed by D3MAX LLC, as part of a DOE-backed project to develop and produce scalable, sustainable aviation fuel, is in the early stages of commercializing its SAF production platform. The company announced a joint venture with Southwest Airlines earlier this year and is pursuing a proven, potentially game-changing production method capable of utilizing corn stover-based ethanol as a feedstock for SAF. Mark Yancey, CEO of SAFFiRE, believes the market for SAF by 2050 will be in the 10 billion gallons per year range, if not more. And his optimism in the quickly emerging SAF space is not singular. Gevo Inc., Aemetis, World Fuels, Neste and others have publicly stated that the volume potential for SAF in the years ahead is massive&mdash;in the billions of gallons per year range. LanzaJet, an emerging superstar in the SAF sector, has transformed its work with technology from the DOE&rsquo;s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory that was started years ago, into offtake agreements or investments spanning the world. Since 2020, LanzaJet has announced projects totaling 300 million gallons of SAF in the U.S., U.K., Sweden, Central Europe, Canada and Japan. Highly motivating alcohol-to-jet news in the SAF space also came from Honeywell in late 2022. In October, the company announced a new, innovative ethanol-to-jet fuel processing technology allowing producers to convert corn-based, cellulosic or sugar-based ethanol into SAF. &ldquo;Ethanol offers producers a widely available, economically viable feedstock,&rdquo; the global technology entity said. &ldquo;Honeywell&rsquo;s ready-now technology uses high-performance catalysts and heat management capabilities to maximize production efficiency resulting in a cost-effective, lower carbon intensity aviation fuel.&rdquo; Barry Glickman, vice president and general manager of Honeywell Sustainable Technology Solutions, says the new ethanol-to-jet fuel process can be used as a standalone platform or be coupled with carbon capture technology. The SAF tech plants can be modularized off site, enabling lower installed costs and faster, less labor-intensive installation compared to job site construction. The technology can give producers SAF capacity up to a year faster than what is possible with traditional construction approaches, Honeywell says. In addition, Honeywell believes petroleum refiners and transportation fuel producers can convert current or idle facilities into SAF production plants, &ldquo;to meet growing market demand.&rdquo; For corn-based ethanol producers, SAFFiRE and Honeywell clearly have options for entering and thriving in the exploding SAF market. For producers eyeing alternative feedstocks, there are also several opportunities&mdash;from tech to investors. The airstrip needed to give lift to alcohol-based aviation fuel has been cleared, according to multiple aviation associations. Tech providers are here and proven. Airlines are in. Government entities and policymakers have made their position in favor of SAF clear. So, for SAF production this year and decades into the future, the flight towards a new era of multi-billion-gallon per year volumes is no longer just taxiing toward the runway&mdash;it's already taken off. Author: Luke Geiver Contact: editor@bbiinternational.com

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READY FOR TAKEOFF: Delta completed seven of the 30-plus SAF offtake agreements that were reportedly signed by major airlines in 2022. 


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ALL EYES ON SAF: In late 2021, the International Air Transport Association, formed a plan to decarbonize. The plan relies on sustainable aviation fuel to create 65 percent of the carbon reductions. 

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SOUTHWEST BELIEVES IN SAF: In June, Southwest Airlines partnered with D3MAX on  a startup SAF production company called SAFFiRE Renewables LLC. Southwest holds the first right of refusal on offtakes for SAF produced by SAFFiRE in the future. 

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Policy makers are incentivizing sustainable aviation fuel across the globe. Airlines are eagerly signing offtakes and taking every drop they can get. With other feedstocks in tight supply, ethanol-based SAF production is ready to soar.  

Adding Thrust to Ethanol-Based SAF

BASF catalyst converts ethanol to ethylene BASF has introduced a new dehydration catalyst to process renewable feedstocks. The novel star-shaped catalyst, dubbed CircleStar, reportedly achieves a 99.5 percent electivity for ethanol-to-ethylene conversion. BASF says CircleStar will lower the carbon footprint of bioethylene-based products&mdash;ranging from jet fuel to plastics&mdash;by more than 10 percent, while matching the performance of conventional fossil-based ethylene. &ldquo;Our novel CircleStar for bioethanol to bioethylene conversion has excellent product properties and helps our customers significantly increase their production efficiency while reducing carbon emissions and supporting their net-zero targets,&rdquo; said Detlef Ruff, senior vice president, process catalysts at BASF. Honeywell announces new ethanol-to-jet technology Honeywell is rolling out a new ethanol-to-jet fuel (ETJ) processing technology that allows producers to convert corn-based, cellulosic or sugar-based ethanol into sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). Depending on the type of ethanol feedstock used, jet fuel produced from Honeywell's ethanol-to-jet fuel process can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80 percent on a total lifecycle basis, compared to petroleum-based jet fuel. According to Honeywell, demand for SAF continues to grow, but limited supplies of traditional SAF feedstocks such as vegetable oils, animal fats and waste oils present a supply challenge. &ldquo;Ethanol offers producers a widely available, economically viable feedstock,&rdquo; the company stated. Carbon America adds third ethanol plant to its CCS portfolio Carbon America has formed an agreement with Bridgeport Ethanol LLC to develop a carbon capture and storage (CCS) project at the 53 MMgy ethanol plant in western Nebraska. The project is currently expected to be operational in 2024. The agreement with Bridgeport Ethanol is the third such agreement announced by Carbon America this year to finance, build, own and operate CCS systems at ethanol plants. In May, the company announced similar agreements with Sterling Ethanol LLC and Yuma Ethanol LLC to develop CCS projects at their respective Colorado-based biorefineries. All three ethanol plants are affiliated with Colorado Agri Products. EIA: 95 percent of U.S. fuel ethanol moved by rail Fuel ethanol is second only to coal as the most-transported fuel by rail, according to the U.S. EIA. The agency recently found that 95 percent of all U.S. fuel ethanol deliveries between regions in the first half of 2022 were by rail. Also, in the same time period, 97 percent of the fuel ethanol delivered by rail in the U.S. originated in the Midwest. Rail accounted for 96 percent of the Midwest&rsquo;s fuel ethanol deliveries to the East Coast and 90 percent of deliveries to the Gulf Coast. In addition to rail, ethanol is also shipped by truck and barge. Unlike oil and gas, however, it is not transported via pipeline. EPA approves efficient producer pathway for Nebraska plant The U.S. EPA has approved an efficient producer pathway for Green Plains Inc.&rsquo;s 116 MMgy ethanol plant in Central City, Nebraska. The approval allows the facility to generate renewable identification numbers (RINs) for non-grandfathered volumes of ethanol. Ethanol plants that have approved efficient producer pathways are able to generate RINs for production volumes above those grandfathered under current Renewable Fuel Standard regulations. To qualify for compliance, any new production above the grandfathered gallons must meet a 20 percent greenhouse gas reduction threshold when compared to the baseline GHG of gasoline.
PROtect achieves major safety milestone PROtect LLC, which has a significant customer base in ethanol production, has announced that it has achieved over 1 million work hours without a lost time incident. &ldquo;Every single individual in our company should be extremely proud of PROtect reaching [this milestone],&rdquo; said Nathan VanderGriend, PROtect president and CEO. &ldquo;Our business ... [provides] safety reliability and compliance services to a variety of high-hazard industries. The services we provide help keep our customers&rsquo; team members and communities safe, their equipment and operations from experiencing catastrophic failure and unplanned downtime. This milestone is proof of our dedication to applying what we deliver externally to our customers, and internally with our team.&rdquo;

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Business announcements from the December issue of Ethanol Producer Magazine, including BASF's new ethanol-to-ethylene catalyst, Honeywell's major SAF technology rollout, Bridgeport Ethanol's entrance into CCS and more. 

Business Briefs

When President Biden announced emergency summertime waivers for E15 in April, some misinformed pundits wrote off the move as &ldquo;political posturing&rdquo; or &ldquo;a gimmick&rdquo; to satisfy Midwest voters. But now that the summer is over, we&rsquo;re able to look at what the data say about the real impact of the emergency waivers. In short, the data provide two clear takeaways: First, E15 sales volumes skyrocketed over the summer (rather than dropping sharply, as they had done in past summers when no waiver was in place). Second, for drivers who had access to E15, the savings at the pump were substantial. In fact, recent analysis by RFA shows E15 sales rose to record levels in the summer months, rather than falling by half (as they did prior to the summertime E15 barrier being removed in 2019). The analysis also shows drivers choosing E15 saved an average of 30 cents per gallon over the summer. That means a typical household that used E15 in place of regular gasoline (E10) this summer saved roughly $90-$100 on their fuel bill between June 1 and September 15. Altogether, American drivers who fueled with E15 this summer saved nearly $60 million. These savings could not have come at a better time. Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February, crude oil and retail gasoline prices surged, and the Biden administration banned imports of crude oil and petroleum products from Russia. By mid-June, the national average price of gasoline hit $5 per gallon for the first time, giving consumers more need for the availability of lower-cost ethanol blends at the pump. Gasoline supplies were very tight and oil refineries were operating at very high utilization rates, making E15 an effective option for delivering price relief at the pump. That&rsquo;s because lower-cost ethanol, produced at facilities across the country, is blended to produce finished gasoline close to filling stations, whereas additional crude oil processing was constrained by the tight refinery capacity. Over the course of the summer, ethanol prices were, on average, 89 cents below wholesale gasoline prices. In addition to the economic benefits, using E15 reduces greenhouse gas emissions even further than E10, by about 3 percent, and E15 also similarly reduces emissions of the pollutants that lead to ground-level ozone and smog. While the emergency waivers were a win for American drivers in 2022, we need a solution to make year-round E15 permanent, and RFA and its allies are working on this along several tracks. For example, in April, a number of state governors notified EPA that they are establishing regulations in their state for parity between all fuel blends when it comes to vapor pressure, as is their right under the Clean Air Act. And in Congress, bills like the Next Generation Fuels Act and the Lower Food and Fuel Costs Act would also make E15 available year-round.&nbsp; E15 is approved for use in more than 96 percent of the cars and trucks on the road. It saves drivers money, and it reduces emissions. E15 isn&rsquo;t just good for America in emergency situations, like we saw this past summer. It&rsquo;s good for America all the time. That&rsquo;s why we need a permanent solution to ensure E15 is offered at filling stations around the country&mdash;every single day of the year. And RFA won&rsquo;t stop working until we&rsquo;ve achieved that goal. Author: Geoff Cooper President and CEO Renewable Fuels Association 202-289-3835 gcooper@ethanolrfa.org

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While E15 use continued uninterrupted in the summer of 2022, a policy or regulatory vehicle to make its year-round availability permanent is still needed. The Renewable Fuels Association and its allies are working on multiple paths forward. 

Emergency E15 Waivers Provided Relief to American Drivers 

Despite the doom and gloom often expressed about the future of renewable fuels amid the rise of electric vehicles, ethanol&rsquo;s future is bright. Yes, it looks imminent that domestic gasoline use will steadily diminish in the years ahead&mdash;a 135-billion-gallon market may become 110 billion gallons over time&mdash;and that seems like trouble for ethanol on the surface, but it&rsquo;s certainly not a death knell. Beyond E10&mdash;and even E15&mdash;current&nbsp; production levels can easily be maintained in a future full of EVs through the adoption of higher ethanol blends like E30, possible EV-biofuel hybrids, maintaining current exports, seizing niche opportunities like high-purity alcohol and aggressively pursuing new markets in the hard-to-electrify space like diesel and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). The latter opportunity, most agree, is enormous, especially if new incentives for SAF production can be modified to include corn ethanol by more fairly representing the biofuel&rsquo;s real carbon intensity (CI) as well the CI diversity of different production facilities, feedstocks and associated farming practices. As we report in, &ldquo;<a href="https://ethanolproducer.com/articles/19719/adding-thrust-to-ethanol-based-saf">Adding Thrust To Ethanol-Based SAF</a>,&rdquo; the International Civil Aviation Organization estimates that more than 80 SAF offtake agreements have already been signed (some involving alcohol-based SAF) representing nearly 9 billion gallons of proposed, contracted-to-deliver production. The thing is, beyond a few billion gallons of SAF that will be made from existing low-CI wastes like used cooking oil, the massive quantities of feedstock needed for several more billion gallons of SAF will need to come from an almost ubiquitous source: ethanol. With companies like Southwest Airlines, LanzaJet (now backed by Bill Gates capital), Green Plains, Honeywell, BASF and others betting large on alcohol-based SAF, it&rsquo;s hard to see this opportunity not achieving lift. Incentives related to SAF production in the U.S. are multi-part and stackable. Producers can collect an attractive per-gallon tax credit ($1.25-$1.75) while picking up a premium for their bio-jet fuel in low-carbon markets like California and also generating RINs. However, questions about RINs tied to next-gen fuels like SAF made from intermediate feedstocks at a different location&mdash;like biocrude, biomass-based sugars or undenatured ethanol&mdash;were largely unanswered until the U.S. EPA clarified its provisions on biointermediates earlier this year. With that in mind, we do our best to explain the agency&rsquo;s rules elucidation in &ldquo;<a href="https://ethanolproducer.com/articles/19718/shedding-light-on-biointermediates">Shedding Light On Biointermediates</a>.&rdquo;&nbsp; &nbsp; We jump into a plant-level dialogue in &ldquo;<a href="https://ethanolproducer.com/articles/19717/strategies-to-step-down-water-use">Strategies to Step Down Water Use</a>,&rdquo; but the story maintains a certain relevance to the low-carbon threads preceding it. While carbon intensity reduction almost always overshadows water use reduction in our headlines&mdash;perhaps because the industry has already lowered water use so much&mdash;it remains critical. Plus, with much of the world (including the Southwest U.S.) growingly water constrained, the idea of water intensity ratings could become as common as CI scores, one source tells us. &nbsp; Finally, anchoring this issue is a nice-fitting story about two policy initiatives (one already introduced in both houses of Congress, the other a coalition-based proposal with early legs). &ldquo;<a href="https://ethanolproducer.com/articles/19716/advancing-policy-in-parallel">Advancing Policy In Parallel</a>&rdquo; stacks up the Next Generation Fuels Act with the still-budding Drive Clean Initiative, two potential approaches to backstopping the RFS in its post-2022 existence. Both efforts seek to introduce higher-level ethanol blends with related but different levers&mdash;high octane and low carbon. For unique reasons, both paths are compelling.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Enjoy the read. Author: Tom Bryan President &amp; Editor

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Ethanol Producer Magazine's editor previews the feature articles in the publication's December edition while reflecting on the rise of EVs, the promise of higher-level ethanol blends and the enormity of the industry's burgeoning SAF opportunity. 

December 2022

Business Briefs

Business Briefs

Columns

Emergency E15 Waivers Provided Relief to American Drivers

Ethanol is Ready to Truly Get Off the Ground

Featured

Advancing Policy In Parallel

Strategies to Step Down Water Use

Shedding Light on Biointermediates

Adding Thrust to Ethanol-Based SAF

December 2022.css-7jxktu{position:absolute;bottom:0px;left:0px;right:0px;height:3px;border-radius:3px;background-color:var(--chakra-colors-brandBlack);}

Business Briefs

Business Briefs

Columns

Emergency E15 Waivers Provided Relief to American Drivers

Ethanol is Ready to Truly Get Off the Ground

Featured

Advancing Policy In Parallel

Strategies to Step Down Water Use

Shedding Light on Biointermediates

Adding Thrust to Ethanol-Based SAF

December 2022